Study Guides for Final Exam

Important!!!  You should treat these questions as examples of the type and

level of questions to expect on the exam.  They are not meant to be completely

comprehensive, nor identical to the actual questions on the exam.  There will

be some questions (a minority) what are NOT covered below -- so study everything.

If you know the answers below to a high degree of accuracy, you'd probably make

about a C to B on the exam.  To make an A will require studying more than just

the study guides. 

Also note that a few chapters as yet have no study guide questions below.  I will try to add these

before the exam. 

Lecture questions:

Which SMO overlaps both the black movement and the student movement?

Were their student protests in the U. S. before the 1960s?

Who wrote Exile's Return?  What is it about?

What is "Bohemian Culture?"   What are its main foci?  How does it relate to the youth movements of the 1950s and 60s according to lecture?

What is ISS short for?  When did they exist?  What did they believe in?

How did student movements of the early 20th Century differ from those that came in the 1960s and afterwards?

What is the "Old Left?"   What is the "New Left?"

What was "SLID?"   It was a junior chapter of what organization? 

What effect did the Depression of the 1920s have on support for socialism in the U. S.?

Have the YMCA and YWCA ever been involved in "radical" politics?  Explain.

What effect did WWII have on the student movement?   What Marxist principle does this illustrate?

Who was Senator Joseph McCarthy?   What pseudo-movement did he head up?   What technical invention for the manipulation of public opinion was he one of the first to recognize and manipulate?

When did conservative student movements first appear in the U. S.?

What was SDS?  How militant was it?   What were its main purposes?

What was the "Port Huron statement?"   What did it advocate?

Where did the "Free Speech Movement" start?  What was the precipitating event for it?  Who emerged as the main leader of it?

Who was Jack Weinberg?  Why was he important in the Berkeley protest we talked about?

How did opposing officials end up actually helping the French Speech Movement a couple of times when it appeared to be on the wane?

What was "The Mobe?"

What was "Prairie Power?"  Was it more, or less, militant that what it replaced?

We compared draft card burning to what event that occurred decades earlier in India?

What Presidential nominating convention (and where) ended in what was later to be labeled a police riot?

Who was Mayor Daley? 

Nixon began to initiate a military operation know as "Duck Hook."   What did Duck Hook advocate? 

Did the U. S. Government at any time make plans to use tactical nuclear weapons in Vietnam?

Why was the act by then-President Nixon of sending troops into Cambodia seen as a precipitating event for antiwar adherents?  For conservative adherents?

What happened at Kent State University.  Where and when?

When do the most radical elements of a movement often try to take control of the movement?

What is the "First World?"  the "Second World?"  the "Third World?"  the "Fourth World?"

What percentage of the world's people live in the Third World? 

What was "colonialism?"  What is "imperialism?"

What stereotypes are typically applied to peoples of the Third World?

Why are multinational corporations hard to police?

While the U. S. often says that it's "making the world safe for democracy," does the U. S. sometimes end up supporting right wing dictators and/or military juntas?  Explain.

What nation did we examine in class as to how its government was overthrown by the use of monetary policy?  Can you briefly describe what happened and how it was done?

What do those in favor of the World Trade Organization favor?  Why are many people opposed?

What is the World Bank and what is it's mission?   Why is it controversial?  How about the same questions re the IMF?

What is the IADB?

Was drug trafficking ever used by one or more governments to support colonialism?  What was the role of China?  What were the profits used for?

What did Gandhi mean when he said that "if India imports the unhappiness of the West, it will not be progress!"   Can you see how this statement might apply today in some situations in the Third World (especially, perhaps, in the Middle-East)?

Who is Immanuel Wallerstein?   What famous book did he write?  What "sectors" does he divide the nation's of the world into?  Can you name and briefly describe each?

According to Wallerstein, is globalization a brand-new phenomenon?  Explain.

If you want to be an international capitalist, what do you need in order to be successful?

What is the economic position of a "primary-product" producing country compared to a developed society?

Why?

Can Marxism be used successfully to describe the conflict between the less developed countries and

 the developed ones? Or is it limited to describing social class conflict within a society?

What is the effect of the arrival of multinational corporations in Third World countries? Is this

 effect similar or not to the effects of older forms of imperialist domination?

Why do Third World countries have such great difficulty in developing healthy, diversified economies? Can you

explain in some detail?

How do the developed countries "co-opt" the leadership of Third World countries? What role does consumption

patterns play in this?

Why do so many leftist guerrilla resistance movements arise in the less developed countries?

How did the opium trade figure into the development of colonialism and modern capitalism?

Why has Switzerland had an usually large impact on the development of world capitalism?

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Questions from the course readings:

Goldstone, Jack A.  Revolutions: Theoretical, Comparative, and Historical Studies.  3rd. ed.

"Introduction:"

Does "misery breed revolt?"  Explain.

What does Goldstone think of the argument that revolutions occur when the state accumulates an "unmanageable accumulation of difficulties?"

Are revolutions sometimes caused by new radical ideas?   Are their any difficulties with this position?

When did the scientific study of revolutions begin?

What is meant by the phrase "natural history of revolutions?"   IF revolutions have a natural history, what are the stages invovled?

In what type of revolution are moderates likely to have a chance for survival and control?

What captured the attention of scholars of revolutions in the 1950s and 60s?

Who is Ted Gurr?  What did his theory argue in favor of?

What is Davie's J-curve?

How did Smelser's theory differ from that of Gurr?

Who was Samuel Hunnington?  How did his theory relate to those of Smelser and Gurr?

What theory did Charles Tilly develop?

Are splits in the elites within a nation associated with revolution?

What key factors seem involved with peasant revolts and whether they succeed or not?

Are peasant revolts often interrelated with urban revolts?  Explain.

What two factors are most often associated with the occurrence of urban revolts?

What is meant by "path dependency?"

Does the "fall of the old regime" typically signal the end of a revolution?  Explain.

Does defeat in an external war have anything to do with revolutions?  Explain.

How do patterns of population growth and prices effect the occurrence of revolutions?  Is population growth by itself sufficient to explain revolution?  Explain.

    DeToqueville, "The French Revolution and the Growth of the State"

How did deToqueville's view of the French revolution differ from that taken by Marx and Engels?

Why was the Church hated by those who carried out the French Revolution?

Which actually resulted?  Anarchy and the breakdown of all authority, or an increase in the centralized power of the state?

    Tilly, "Does Modernization Breed Revolution?"

Well, does it???  Explain.

What criticisms of Huntington's theory are raised by Tilly?

According to Huntington, what is the difference between an "Eastern revolution" and a "Western revolution?"

What role does military demobilization appear to play in revolutions?

What are Tilly's main criticisms of the Marxist scheme of revolution?

How common are temporary coalitions of professionals, intellectuals, and other elements of the bourgeoisie in the modern European history of revolutions?

What, for the past 500 years, does Tilly think to be the most important source of Western revolutions?

Have taxation and military conscription appeared to promote Western revolutions?  Explain.

Do wars seem to promote or impede revolutions?   In what ways?

What does Tilly mean by recent attempts to "psychologize" explainations of revolutions?  to "sociologize" them?  Does he favor either position?  Explain.

   Foran and Goodwin, Dictatorship or Democracy: Outcomes of Revolution in Iran and Nicaragua

    What was the name of the party that overthrew the dictator Somoza in Nicaraqua?   Who was their leader?   What became of them?  (By the way, you might want to Google the name of the party -- there has been a very recent interesting turn of events for them -- but it won't be on the test, but you'd probably find this latest twist in the story interesting).

What is meant by the phrase "permissive international context?" 

How often are the outcomes of revolution those foreseen my the revolutionaries?  Why?

What 5 conditions are common problems as the state tries to rebuild after a revolution?

Who are the parties to the main coalition that overthrew the Shaw of Iran in the late 70s?

Who was the "ulama?"  Why were they triumphant?

What issue did women represent in the Iranian revolution?

What country did Iran invade in the fall of 1980?

What event split the alliance between the U. S. and Iran?

How much wealth did the Shaw take with him when he left Iran?

Why did Saddam Hussein invade Iran in 1980?  How many Iranians died in the subsequent conflict?

Who provided the "shock troops" for the war?

What was the FSLN?  What and who was it opposed to?

What response did the Russians make to the overtures of the Sandinistas?  Why is this important?

What was the relationship between the Sandinistas and the Catholic Church?  Was this similar to the Iranian revolution or not?

What action did President Reagan take towards the Sandinistas in 1981? 

Who were the "contras?"   What did they hope to accomplish?

What role did the IADB play in events in 1985?  What is the main point concerning the relationship between successful revolution and forces external to a country?

    Goldfrank, "The Mexican Revolution"

How have some revolutions been different since 1910 compared to most earlier ones?

Who were: Zapata, Pancho Villa, Diaz, Madero?

What is true of Mexico's foreign debt?  Large or small?  Mostly owed to whom?

Did the revolution dramatically reduce inequality in Mexico?  Explain.

In which of Wallerstein's zones do world system variables seem particularly important to the outcome of revolution?

What was favorable about the world situation for the Mexican revolution?

What factors made rural rebellion more difficult in Mexico than many other revolutions?

Who were "the Constitutionalists?"  What did they seek?  How successful were they?

    Walker, "The Nicaraguan Revolution"

What role did the U. S. play in Nicaragua around 1930?

How did the Somoza family come to power?  How long did they stay in power?

Is Nicaragua best characterized as a Third World country, or a Fourth World country?  Why?

How is capitalism in Latin America different from capitalism in the U. S.?  What implications does this have for inequality?

What impacts did the Spanish have on Nicaragua?

What is "primitive dependent capitalism?"  How did it operate in Nicaragua?

What are "primary products?"   Where there any in evidence in Nicaragua?

How are primary products related to economic stability?

What is "modern dependent capitalism?"   How does it operate in Nicaraqua? 

What was "the Alliance for Progress?"   Why was it created?   Did it succeed in its stated goals?

Who were the "Christian Democrats?"   Did they ever join the FSLN?  Explain.

What role did the IMF and the World Bank play under Samoza?

How did the FSLN finance its activities?  What was the reaction of Somoza? 

Who was Pedro Joaquin Chamorro?   How was he related to the revolution?

    Robinson, "The Palestinian 'Intifada' Revolt"

What does PLO stand for?   What are their goals?

What was the Intifada?  When did it take place?  Who was on each side?

What made the Intifada possible at the time it actually occurred (and not before)?

In the 1980s, what percentage of the Palestinian labor force worked in Israel?  How did their wages compare?

What was the effect of the creation of a Palestinian university system?  What activities did the university students, graduates, and urban professionals engage in?

What mistake does the author believe the Likud party made in dealing with the Palestinians?

What does the author mean by the term "devolved authority?"   What role did it play in the promotion of collective action?

Who are the "Muslim Brethren?"  Who is the PLO?  In what way are the Muslim Brethren and the Likud alike?

How do Islamists see the importance of Palestine?   What change occured in the Palestinian Islamist movement occurred in 1986?  What was the effect of this?

Did the Intifada remain incomplete?  Explain briefly.

In what two ways does the author think the Palestinian rebellion was unique?

What were the Oslo accords?

    Anwar-Ul-Haq Ahady, "The Afghanistan Revolutionary Wars"

Where is Afghanistan?  (You may need to use the Web to find out).

Who were the Pashtun tribes?

What role did the Soviet Union play in events in Afganistan?

How did the role of the middle class change under King Zahir Shah?  What became of Shah?  Who replaced him?  How did his replacement feel about Westernization?

Who was the PDPA?  What did they favor?

Can you describe briefly the PDPA's "elite revolution?"   Did it make any mistakes?  Explain.

How did the Islamists feel about the PDPA?

Why did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?  Who were the Mujahideen?  (Do you know that at that time Bin Laden was a Mujahideen, and ally of the CIA against the Soviets in Afghanistan?).

How was it that the Islamists were able to dominate the resistance movement to the Soviets?

What factor caused the Soviets to leave Afghanistan?

Who are the Taliban?  What allowed them to seize control of the country?  Why did they quickly loose the support they initially enjoyed?