Chapter
7: Fads and Fashion
1. Fads often involve items that were common place among limited constituencies. CB radios were first used by ______________________.
2. According to Miller's description of the 1967 panty raid at the University of Iowa, the panty raid __________________________.
3. Phrases and terms such as "double nickels," "eighteen wheelers," "smokeys," "10-4" and putting "the pedal to the metal" were part of the jargon associated with the _________________ fad.
4. Coleco Corporation's Cabbage Patch Kids dolls were a highly successful novelty product fad. The doll originated _________________.
5. Evans and Miller explained streaking as _________________________.
6. Simmel argued that humans possess two competing impulses, ______________, and that fads and fashion can accommodate these impulses simultaneously.
7. The "natural history of fads" has been identified by many sociologists, and it includes the following phases: ______________, ____________, peaking period, and decline period.
8. The contribution of the media to the growth and development of a fad is most consequential in the _______________.
9. Herbert Blumer suggested that the underlying cause of fads is social unrest caused by such things as economic uncertainty and fear of war. On the other hand, Orrin E. Klapp suggests that the underlying cause of fads is ________________.
10. Smelser identifies fads and fashion as an example of a craze, a collective episode driven by a generalized "wish fulfillment" belief. The most common wish fulfillment belief is the ___________________________.
11. Smelser notes that fashion cycles consist of real and derived phases. The real phase consists of adoption of styles among the upper classes. The derived phase is characterized by __________________.
12. The emergent-norm perspective emphasizes that people adopt fad items primarily by way of _______________________.
13. The social behavioral interactionist (SBI) perspective suggests that the timing of fad activities ________________________.
14. According to Miller's description of the 1967 panty raid at the University of Iowa, when the State Police blocked the streets to the women's dorm.___________________.
15. From the standpoint of collective action, fads and fad items often represent good entertainment values in comparison to the cost of tickets to concerts or athletic equipment. Discuss.
16. The text describes a small crowd waiting outside a restaurant at 5:00 A.M. on a cold rainy morning. Why was the crowd waiting?
17. The text describes how, in the 1980's, university teachers came to use the personal computer midway through their careers. Most teachers had not had any experience with personal computers in graduate school. How did they learn to use these computers?
18. The first of the audio-animatronic toys was the ____________, which was the most popular toy of the 1996 Christmas season. This toy also inspired numerous websites that auctioned this toy for charity.
19. Streaking and moshing are examples of ______________ used in the text.
20. During the 1980's, costume-like casual clothing became a common feature of social life. The use of casual clothing began to intrude in settings previously reserved for formal wear, and into the public schools. For what concern did some public schools impose dress codes for student?
21. Sometimes fads can take the form of reviving earlier popular or traditional forms of action that can contribute to social solidarity. In this regard, fads can provide a social bond between groups that are otherwise deeply divided and in conflict with each other. What example does the text use to describe this occurrence?
Chapter
8: Sports
1. The origins and growth of many sports into their modern forms are characterized by increasing formalization, as well as suppression of the sport by authorities. In these respects, the growth of sports is similar to the development of _____________.
2. The "good old days" of English soccer, when hooliganism was at its all-time low, was __________________________.
3. Regarding British football, the "terraces" refer to ___________________.
4. In the football vocabulary, hooligan groups such as the Inter City Firm, the Red Army, and the Baby Squad are referred to as ___________________.
5. According to Peter Marsh, hooliganism, or "aggro" is a ritualized display of aggression and _______________________.
6. The 1985-1986 football season included riots at the Luton-Millwall match, the Birmingham City-Leeds United match, and the Heysel Stadium in Belgium. What did the Union of European Football Associations do in response?
7. Following the tragedies of the 1980's, being banned from European play from 1985-1989, and the passage of the Public Order Act of 1986 and the Football Spectators Act of 1989, hooliganism in England ______________________.
8. Measures to stop hooliganism, such as member-only plans, hooligan fencing, and the new Public Order Act had what effect?
9. Sydney Aronson notes that the bicycle came to America three times. In the first two instances the bicycle took the form of ___________________.
10. Which of the following groups was formed in 1880 to promote bicycling and defend the rights of bicyclists?
11. Which U.S. president threatened to ban gridiron football on U.S. campuses because of its "brutality and foul play?"
12. When threatened with the ban of gridiron football, supporters formed the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States and __________________.
13. Hooligan violence in England, such as occurred during the 1985-86 season, ____________________________.
14. According to William J. Fellows's study of singing at football matches in England, it is not uncommon to hear over a hundred songs during a game. Discuss the football songs.
15. Elias and Dunning suggest that hooliganism may represent _____________.
16. In the early moments of the April 15, 1989 quarter-final match between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest, Liverpool fans surged against the hooligan fancing and 95 people died in the crush. What followed this tragedy?
17. The research of Dunning, Murphy, and Williams has led them to the conclusion that football hooliganism is a social phenomenon deeply rooted in British society. Since the 1970s, football hooliganism has become _______________.
18. Elias and Dunning place sports in a central position in their analysis of how societies operate. They contend that humans thrive on spontaneity, physical movement, and activities that give full play to the senses, such as games and sports. They refer to this characteristic of society as ___________________.
19. Elias and Dunning place sports in a central position in their analysis of how societies operate. It is essential that society channel the pleasurable excitement of games and sports into ends dictated by the family, the community, the workplace, or the state. This characteristic of society is referred to as ________________.
20. Fellows identified a number of factors that contribute significantly to the type and amount of fan singing. There are a number of background factors that include ______________.
21. Elias and Dunning contend that the early development of many sports contains elements of informality that are also characteristic of _____________.
22. The majority of references to football in medieval English sources come from _______________.
23. According to Aronson, the "wheele," "hobbyhorse," "swift walker," "dandy horse," "boneshaker" and "ordinary" were all terms applied to what we now call the _______________.
24. In comparing traditional sports such as football or baseball with Xtreme sports, the text notes that Xtreme sports popularity resulted how?
25. According to McPhail’s research on behavior with sports gatherings, the complexity of the pre-game and halftime shows put on by the Illini Marching Band, Flag Team, and Dancers compares how to the game?
26. According to McPhail, card stunts such as those performed by the "Block I" during the University of Illinois football games were first performed by ____________.
27. From the standpoint of perception control theory, purposive collective action occurs when two or more people adjust their ongoing actions to make their current perceptions correspond to similar or related images in their minds. In terms of a college football game, this means that people behave how?
28. From the standpoint of perception control theory, the individual human being is a closed-loop, negative feedback control system. This means that people ________________.
29. McPhail describes how the football team and coaching staff interact in the effort to produce complex and successful plays and game plans. This includes diagramming and describing the play in great detail, watching videos and films that show how the play is "supposed" to work, rehearsing the play at practice, repetition, and finally having the coaches in the press box identify the corrections that must be made to accomplish the objective of the play. McPhail refers to this whole process as ______________.
30. Purposive collective action occurs when two or more people adjust their ongoing actions to make their current perceptions correspond to similar or related images in their heads. McPhail describes how members of the Illini Marching Band create "similar or related images in their minds." This includes ________________.
Chapter 12: Individuals and Riots
1. ___________ riots are characterized by collective violence between opposing racial or religious groups; most injuries and death result from attacks by civilians on one another.
2. ___________ riots are characterized by violence centering on government policies; contending groups are usually civilians and police or military who are attempting to stop the disorder.
3. ____________ riots such as the "bread riots" of the 1700s or the urban riots of the 1960s are characterized by looting and attacks against property.
4. According to McPhail’s review of the riot participation literature, the primary focus of riot research during the 1960s and 1970s was ______________.
5. According to McPhail’s review of the riot participation literature, the best predictors of riot participation were ______________.
6. According to the text, urban riots of the 1960s and 1970s were most likely to start or peak out on what days?
7. Couch pointed out that compliance with the instructions of authorities in riot situations is seldom complete. This lack of compliance is a result of ______________.
8. In the analysis of riots, the emergent norm perspective emphasizes what?
9. The Detroit riot of 1943 was classified as a "communal riot" and involved intense fighting between groups of whites and blacks and looting of property. The riot also included ____________.
10. The Kent State riot of 1970 is classified as a "political riot" and much of the rhetoric focused on what?
11. Viewed as collective action, the "beginning" of a riot involves disorder as well as an emergence of consensus among police, mayors, governors, and usually the media. In this regard it can be said that riots are caused by ___________
12. McPhail has made extensive reviews of films and videotapes of rioting in progress and has made field observations of riots. Regarding riot area activities, McPhail concludes that the violence is ________________.
13. The riot-related term "POMS" refers to _________________.
14. The text describes the violent beating of a truck driver during the 1992 Los Angeles riot. From the standpoint of perception control theory, this assault was most likely ____________ violence.
15. During riots, interpersonal violence often occurs when police try to disperse street gatherings or when police make mass arrests. From the standpoint of perception control theory, this type of violence is considered to be ___________ violence.
16. The text pointed out that during some of the first violent student demonstrations against the Vietnam War, students carried rocks to demonstrations in picnic baskets and retrieved their rocks after breaking store windows. From the standpoint of perception control theory, these actions indicate that students _______________.
17. In McPhail’s review of riot participation studies, 50 different measures of relationship between "experiences and opinions of discrimination" and riot participation were found. How many of these fifty relationships had a high strength of association?
18. Quarantelli and Hundley’s study of the Kent State shooting indicated evidence of the existence of all of the value-added components of a hostile out-burst except _____________.
19. U.S. presidents appointed three national commissions between 1967 and 1970 to investigate riots and demonstratons. All commissions issued recommendations along similar lines. Recommendations included _____________.
20. According to Eric Dunning, Patrick Murphy, and John Williams, soccer hooligans are often coached in violence by parents, older siblings, and peers to become skilled at using violence. Soccer related violence even has its special name __________.
Chapter
13: Organizations, Communities, Societies and Riots
1. What is the legal definition of riots?
2. Lohman’s tactics of crowd control are based on what assumptions?
3. The Iowa Highway Patrol used tactics of diffusion and communication during the disturbances on the University of Iowa campuses in May of 1970. What were their tactics?
4. Seymour Spilerman examined 18 community attributes in an effort to determine "riot proneness" of communities. Spilerman concluded that the only attribute that was strongly associated with the number of disorders within a community was ______________.
5. There are major differences in the way in which societies respond to riots. In recent English riots, the police usually sustain the majority of injuries. During the riots of the 1960s, police in the United States sustained what % of injuries and fatalities?
6. According to the text, the presence of the news media during riots, strikes, and protests generally encourages ____________.
7. Delay in appropriate police responses was noted by the National Advisory Commission as a contributing factor in the growth of the Watts riot, as well as many other riots during the 1960s. This problem was due to _______________.
8. During August of 1965, rioting in the Watts area of Los Angeles left 34 people dead, almost 4,000 people arrested and hundreds of businesses looted or burned. The Los Angeles Police Department, state police and California National Guard were needed to stop the rioting. The Watts riot officially lasted how long?
9. Sociologists classified the hundreds of urban riots that occurred in cities across the United States during 1965-72 as commodity riots, during which white-owned property was looted or destroyed. Violent conflict occurred primarily between ____________________.
10. Some riot and mob statutes make reference to the unlawful and violent "exercise of correctional or regulative power" by assemblages of people. These statutes address the actions of what groups?
11. Durng riots, police departments take on many features of expanding organizations, such as extending shifts and activation of auxiliary police units. This is because _________________.
12. The National Advisory Commission noted that the delay in appropriate police response to violence in the Watts area contributed to the 1965 riot. Police response was delayed because ______________.
13. Escalated force principles of crowd control are based on three assumptions: (1) Police have a sufficient number of officers at hand to carry out crowd-control tactics; (2) Officers present can act as a coordinated unit; and (3) police ________________.
14. Lohman suggests that disorderly crowds can be controlled by the unobtrusive removal of leaders. In practice, this tactic may be impossible to carry out effectively because emergent leaders are hard to identify and ____________.
15. David Schneider used McPhail’s differentiated view of riots in his examination of "riot proneness" of communities. Snyder concluded that cities were more likely to experience riots if they contained ghettos having frequent police/civilian contacts and _________________.
16. According to the text, authorities may limit their use of force to stop riots and other forms of social unrest such as demonstrations and strikes when they fear that the use of force may enlarge the scope of the unrest and ______________.
17. What organization issued the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and in what year?
18. Article 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights if the right __________.
19. Many world corporations have sought, through various means, to make human rights an important component in business decisions. The text identified the human rights campaign of _______________ as the most noteworthy example of such efforts.
20. Three presidential commissions were established to study the urban and campus disorders occurring in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s. Each of these commissions concluded that _________________.
21. During the 1960s and 1970s, thousands of civilian police officials received training in tactics of crowd control through the SEADOC programs. These programs were initiated and carried out by _______________.
22. The approach to the policing of celebrations, protests, demonstrations and civil disorder that emphasizes respect for First Amendment rights, open communication between police and civilians, and the use of minimum necessary force is referred to as the policy of ___________.